一、概述

I. Overview

混凝土是現(xiàn)在建筑中被廣泛使用的人造石材，對于某些建筑，如水工建筑、水下、水中、地下和其他建筑工程，要求建筑物具有特殊的性能-抗?jié)B性能 所謂抗?jié)B性能是指構(gòu)筑物所使用的材料能抵抗水和或其他液體（輕油、重油）介質(zhì)在壓力作用下滲透的性能。

Concrete is a kind of artificial stone widely used in modern buildings. Some certain buildings like hydraulic structure, under-water structure, underground structure and other construction projects are required to have special performance, i.e. impermeability which means that the material for structure can resist the penetration of water or other liquids (light oil and heavy oil) under pressure.

HP-4.0型抗?jié)B儀主要使用于混凝土抗?jié)B性能試驗(yàn)和抗?jié)B標(biāo)號的測定。同時(shí)也可利用它做建筑材料透氣性的測定和質(zhì)量檢查，因此得到了有關(guān)生產(chǎn)、施工、設(shè)計(jì)、教研等部門的廣泛使用。

Permeameter model HP-4.0 is mainly designed for concrete impermeability test and determination of impermeability grade. In addition, this equipment can also be used to perform building material permeability determination and quality inspection. Hence, it has been widely used in production, construction, design, education and scientific research.

HP-4.0型抗?jié)B儀：功能與普通型相同，其主要特點(diǎn)是壓力值通過傳感器在壓力顯示儀上顯示出來，并能按設(shè)定的程序?qū)崿F(xiàn)自動(dòng)升壓，自動(dòng)完成試驗(yàn)，減輕工作人員負(fù)擔(dān)。HS-4型、HS-4S型抗?jié)B儀均符合GB/T50081-2002 （普通混凝土力學(xué)性能試驗(yàn)方法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）、T0528-94、GBJ81-85 等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。

Permeameter model HP-4.0 has the same function as general mode. The pressure value can be indicated on pressure display through transducer. The equipment can realize automatic pressure boosting with the set program and perform the test automatically so as to reduce the burden of working personnel. Models HS-4 and HS-4S comply with GB/T50081-2002 (Standard for Test Methods of Mechanical Properties of Ordinary Concrete), T0528-94 and GBJ81-85 standards.

二、主要技術(shù)參數(shù)

II. Main Technical Parameters

1、****工作壓力：4MPa

2、工作方式：自動(dòng)恒壓（數(shù)顯型：自動(dòng)恒壓且自動(dòng)升壓）

3、一次可作試件數(shù)：6個(gè)

4、試模幾何尺寸（亦稱主模）
模腔上口直徑：φ174.8mm
模腔下口直徑：φ185mm
高度：153mm

5、柱塞泵參數(shù)：流量：0.16L/min

6、電動(dòng)機(jī)功率：120W ； 電源：380V-50HZ

7、外形尺寸：950×800×950mm

8、質(zhì)量：≈350kg

1. Maximum working pressure: 4MPa

2. Working mode: auto constant pressure (digital model: auto constant pressure + auto boosting)

3. Number of test pieces to be prepared at the same time: 6

4. Dimensions of test mold (also known as master mold)
Upper port diameter of molding chamber: φ174.8mm
Lower port diameter of molding chamber: φ185mm
Height: 153mm

5. Parameters of piston pump: flow: 0.16L/min

6. Motor power: 120W; Power supply: 380V-50HZ

7. Outside dimensions: 950×800×950mm

8. Weight: ≈350kg

三、主要工作原理及其機(jī)構(gòu)（見附圖一）

III. Main Working Principle and Mechanism (see Figure I)

1、原理

1. Principle

HS-4型抗?jié)B儀和HP-4.0型數(shù)顯抗?jié)B儀是利用密封容器內(nèi)壓力處處相等的原理（水位差疏忽不計(jì)），以水泵對整個(gè)系統(tǒng)輸壓，并通過電接點(diǎn)壓力表或壓力控制器加壓壓力的大小來實(shí)現(xiàn)壓力水由下向上滲透壓裝在試模中的試件，從而測定試件抗?jié)B性能和計(jì)算其抗?jié)B標(biāo)號的儀器。

Permeameter model HS-4 and digital model HP-4.0 uses water pump to generate the pressure for the overall system according to the principle that says “every point inside seal container has the same pressure” (water level difference is negligible) and realizes the penetration of pressurized water from bottom upward to the surface of test piece placed in test mold by regulating the pressure of electric contact pressure gauge or pressure controller, and thus determines the impermeability of test piece and calculates the impermeability grade.

2、結(jié)構(gòu)

2. Structure

主要由箱體、工作臺，由不銹鋼面板制成，并安裝有6個(gè)模座及36個(gè)M12螺栓，用于安裝試模之用。

This equipment composed of cabinet body and work bench is made of stainless steel panel and is provided with 6 mold bases and 36 M12 bolts for fixation of test mold.

3、供壓系統(tǒng)

3. Pressure Supply System

由電動(dòng)機(jī)、動(dòng)力箱、水泵、水包、安全閥，管道等組成，電動(dòng)機(jī)用于向系統(tǒng)提供動(dòng)力源，動(dòng)力箱用于將電動(dòng)機(jī)所提供的動(dòng)力源轉(zhuǎn)化成往返運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)力并提供給水泵，水泵用以向整個(gè)系統(tǒng)提供水壓，水包用以穩(wěn)定供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)的水壓并起水壓源，動(dòng)力箱用于將電動(dòng)機(jī)所提供的動(dòng)力源轉(zhuǎn)化成往返運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)力并提供給水壓，并起水壓源的分流作用；安全閥安裝于水包中央，安全閥的作用是確保系統(tǒng)壓力不大于4MPA

The pressure supply system consists of motor, power cabinet, water pump, water drum, safety valve and pipe etc. The motor provides power for system. Power cabinet is used to convert the power from motor into the power for to-and-fro movement and provide this power to water pump which will then provide the whole system with water pressure. Water drum is designed to stabilize the water pressure in supply system. Power cabinet is used to transform the power from motor into the power for to-and-fro movement and provide this power to water pressure while dividing the water pressure source; safety valve is mounted in the center of water drum to keep the system pressure not higher than 4MPA.

4、操作臺

4. Operating Panel

主要由電器控制和控制閥組成。由紅綠按鈕開關(guān)和1只電接點(diǎn)壓力表所組成，綠色按鈕為啟動(dòng)開關(guān)，紅色按鈕為停止開關(guān)，電接點(diǎn)壓力表用于控制供壓系統(tǒng)的壓力保持在你需要的范圍，當(dāng)壓力指針達(dá)到上限時(shí)，水泵停止工作，由于試件滲透等原因，致使水壓下降，指針逆時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，離開上限位置，直至到達(dá)下限位，水泵重新啟動(dòng)，水壓上升到上限位（2）控制閥。其開啟與關(guān)閉與一般閥們相同，即 順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)為關(guān)系，逆時(shí)針旋轉(zhuǎn)為開啟，每個(gè)閥相 對應(yīng)控制一個(gè)試模，（3）電器控制部分：由組合開關(guān)和1只壓力傳感器相連接的控制器所組成。組合開關(guān)控制抗?jié)B儀電源，“0”位為關(guān)“1”位為開；控制器用語控制供壓系統(tǒng)的壓力保持在你需要的范圍。關(guān)于控制器的操作說明詳見附錄《數(shù)顯抗?jié)B儀壓力控制器操作說明》

Operating panel is composed of electric control and control valve. It is composed of red and green button switches and one pressure gauge with electric contact. Green button is a start switch, red button is a stop switch. The pressure gauge with electric contact is used to keep the pressure in pressure supply system within the required range. When the pressure reaches its upper limit, the water pump will stop working. Due to test piece penetration etc., the water level reduces and the pointer rotates counterclockwise to move away from upper limit position. The water pump will restart when the lower limit is reached. At this point, the water pressure will rise to the upper limit. (2) Control valve. It opening and closing is the same as ordinary valves, namely clockwise rotation results in “close”, and counterclockwise rotation corresponds to “open”. Each valve phase corresponds to one test mold. (3) Electric control section is composed of combination switch and controllers connected to one pressure sensor. The combination switch controls the power supply of permeameter (“0” off; “1” on); the controller is used to keep the pressure of pressure supply system within the required range. See Appendix Operating Instruction for Pressure Controller of Digital Permeameter.

四、安裝及使用

IV. Installation and Operation

1、準(zhǔn)備

1. Preparation Work

a、將抗?jié)B儀器放置在平整、堅(jiān)實(shí)的室內(nèi)基礎(chǔ)上，

b、關(guān)閉位于箱體右下方的放水卸壓閥

c、開啟6個(gè)控制閥

d、初次使用，注水入箱，開啟控制閥，啟動(dòng)電源，至6個(gè)模座內(nèi)水溢出為止，以便排出系統(tǒng)內(nèi)空氣。

e、關(guān)閉控制閥

a. Place the permeameter on flat and firm indoor foundation.

b. Close the relief valve at the lower right of cabinet

c. Open 6 control valves

d. For the initial use: fill the tank with water; open control valve; turn on the power supply. Keep this state until the water flows out from the 6 mold bases so as to discharge the air from the system.

e. Close the control valve

2、試件制作及安裝

2. Fabrication and Installation of Test Pieces

a、試件成形養(yǎng)護(hù)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)所要求的材料配比用成形模（亦稱副模）制作成形，然后按部或國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的規(guī)范進(jìn)行掩護(hù)。

a. Test piece forming and curing: fabricate the piece with forming mold (also referred to as auxiliary mold) according to the material ratio specified in the design, and then cover the test piece according to ministry-level or international standards.

b、將養(yǎng)護(hù)好的試件表面晾干，然后在其側(cè)面涂山熔化的密封材料（火漆或密封蠟）注意試件兩端面，嚴(yán)禁涂有密封材料。

b. Dry the cured test piece and apply molten sealing material (sealing wax or sealing cement) to its side surface. Pay attention to both end surfaces of test piece. Do not apply sealing materials to these two surfaces.

c、將試模加熱到40℃，然后將涂有密封材料的試件裝入模腔，再在壓機(jī)上（螺旋壓力機(jī)或借用實(shí)驗(yàn)室的壓力實(shí)驗(yàn)機(jī)）將試件壓入試模中并冷卻至常溫，最好使用本廠配套生產(chǎn)的DL-200KN型液壓脫模機(jī)，既可裝、脫模、又可劈裂試件，觀察滲水深度。

c. Heat the test mold to 40℃, and place the test piece coated with sealing material into mold cavity. Press the test piece into the mold on the press (screw press or pressure testing machine in the laboratory) and cool it down to normal temperature. It is recommended our hydraulic stripper machine model DL-200KN which can load and strip molds and split the test piece off for observation of water penetration depth be used.

d、將裝壓好試件的試模安裝在抗?jié)B儀的工作臺上，并均勻的擰緊螺絲帽

d. Fix the test mold with test piece to work bench and tighten the screw cap evenly.

3、接通電源，紅色信號燈兩，將電接點(diǎn)壓力表上限指針調(diào)至0.1MPA 下限指針與之可靠近但不能同時(shí)接觸（約小于上限指針0.05mpa ）,然后摁綠鈕啟動(dòng)電源，此時(shí)水泵開始工作，電接點(diǎn)壓力表指針隨水壓上升而順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，注意觀察壓力上升是否正常，系統(tǒng)有無滲漏水現(xiàn)象，如有異常則應(yīng)排除后才能進(jìn)入試驗(yàn)。按附錄操作說明執(zhí)行。

3. Connect the power supply, the red signal lamp will go ON. Set the upper limit pointer of pressure gauge with electric contact to 0.1MPA. The lower limit pointer shall be reliably close to (but not be in contact with) the upper limit pointer (about 0.05mpa lower than upper limit pointer), and then press the green button to turn on the power supply. At this point, the water pump starts to operate, and the pressure gauge with electric contact will rotate clockwise along with the increase of water pressure. Pay attention to check if the pressure rise is normal and if there is water leakage in system. In case of any abnormality, the test can not be started unless it is eliminated. The operation instruction stated in appendix shall be followed.

4、開啟控制閥，即向相應(yīng)的試體送入水壓，注意觀察試模底部有無滲出，如有滲出則需擰緊相應(yīng)部位的壓緊螺帽。

4. Open control valve to transmit water pressure to corresponding test body. Check if there is water seepage at the bottom of test mold. If any, the compression nut at corresponding area shall be tightened.

5、進(jìn)入正常試驗(yàn)后，每隔8小時(shí)增加工作壓力0.1MPA ，隨時(shí)觀察試件端面有無滲水情況，如有滲水，則關(guān)閉相應(yīng)的控制閥。

5. After the normal test is started, the working pressure shall rise by 0.1MPA every 8 hours. Check if there is water seepage at the end surface of test piece from time to time. If any, the corresponding control valve shall be closed.

6、當(dāng)6個(gè)試件中有3個(gè)試件的端面有壓力水滲出時(shí)，即可停止試驗(yàn)，記下十時(shí)毫的水壓作為計(jì)算依據(jù)。

6. Stop the test when there is pressurized water seepage at the end surface of three of the six test pieces, and record the water pressure as calculation basis.

7、試驗(yàn)結(jié)束，切斷電源，打開放水卸壓閥，使系統(tǒng)壓力降至零，取下試模，

7. After the test is over, cut off the power supply, open the relief valve to make the system pressure drop to zero, and then take off the test mold.

8、從試模中壓出試件，并清洗試模、模座、涂上防銹油，以備再用

8. Take the test piece out from test mold and clean the mold and base. Apply anti-rust oil to test mold and the base for the use in future.

五、結(jié)果計(jì)算

V. Calculation Results

1、混凝土抗?jié)B標(biāo)號以每組六個(gè)試件中四個(gè)未出現(xiàn)透水時(shí)的****水壓表示，其計(jì)算式為：S=10H-1 其中：S-抗?jié)B標(biāo)號H-六個(gè)試件中第三個(gè)滲水時(shí)的壓力（MPA）

1. The concrete impermeability grade is represented by the maximum water pressure which is recorded when water penetration is not found at four of the six test pieces. The formula is S=10H-1, in which, “S” means impermeability grade; “H” means the pressure (MPA) detected when water seepage is found at the third test piece of the six test pieces.

2、如壓力加至1.2MPA經(jīng)過8小時(shí)，滲水仍不超過2個(gè)，混凝土抗?jié)B標(biāo)號應(yīng)大于或等于12，即S=12

2. In case water seepage is found only at two or less test pieces after the pressure is kept at 1.2MPA for 8 hours, the impermeability mark of concrete shall be ≥12, i.e. S=12.

六、維護(hù)與保養(yǎng)

VI. Maintenance

1、對工作環(huán)境的要求：周圍大氣溫度為5℃-45℃ ；相對溫度＜80% ， 不長期在含腐蝕性氣體的環(huán)境中工作

1. Requirement on working environment: ambient temperature: 5℃-45℃; relative humidity ＜80%. This equipment shall not operate in an environment with corrosive gases for a long term.

2、水源應(yīng)清潔無雜質(zhì)

2. Water source shall be clean without impurity

3、動(dòng)力箱油在出廠時(shí)已加好，以后每半年打開后箱蓋及動(dòng)力箱蓋，以更換一次20號或30號機(jī)械潤滑油，油量以加到接近主軸中心縣為準(zhǔn)（約600ml）

3. Power cabinet oil has been applied before delivery. And then, users shall open the rear cabinet cover and power cabinet cover and apply 20# or 30# machinery oil every half a year. It is recommended the oil level be close to the central line of main shaft (about 600ml).

4、每半年檢查一次動(dòng)力箱底部有無積水（此項(xiàng)工作可在換油時(shí)同時(shí)進(jìn)行），并判明是否水泵密封圈損壞，如損壞則需要更換。

4. Check if there is cumulated water at the bottom of power cabinet every half a year (this work can be done during oil change) and check if the pump seals are broken. If so, the seals shall be replaced.

5、如環(huán)境溫度低于0℃ ，則需放水，卸壓閥放空內(nèi)的全部水源，一面結(jié)冰損壞系統(tǒng)的零件。

5. In case the ambient temperature is lower than 0℃, the water shall be discharged. Open the relief valve to drain all the water therein so as to protect the system parts against the damage caused by freezing.